NanoBRET® PPI Starter Systems

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BRET-Based Assays to Detect Protein:Protein Interactions in Live Cells

  • Study induction and inhibition of protein interactions using full-length proteins expressed at physiologically relevant levels
  • Starter Systems provide fusion vectors, positive controls and detection reagents for building PPI assays
  • Live-cell detection options for endpoint and kinetic analysis

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$ 1,428.00
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NanoBRET® PPI Starter Systems
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Sensitive, Scalable Assays to Study Protein Interactions in the Natural Cellular Context

NanoBRET®-based protein:protein interaction (PPI) assays use NanoLuc® Luciferase as a BRET energy donor and HaloTag® protein, labeled with the NanoBRET® 618 fluorophore, as the energy acceptor to measure the interaction of specific protein pairs.

The NanoBRET® PPI Starter Systems provide the vectors required to create NanoLuc® Luciferase and HaloTag® protein fusions to target proteins of interest, a Positive Control Pair (p53, MDM2) and the NanoBRET® Nano-Glo® Detection System, which contains the substrate used by NanoLuc® Luciferase to generate the donor signal and the HaloTag® NanoBRET® 618 Ligand for the fluorescent energy acceptor. 

  • Live-cell reagents allow you to detect protein:protein interactions in real time using full-length proteins or fragments.
  • Reversible assay technology allows you to study both induction and inhibition of protein interactions.
  • Assays can be performed in 96- or 384-well formats with low variability and high reproducibility.

Better Signal Separation for an Optimized PPI Assay

NanoBRET® Technology enables sensitive, reproducible detection of protein interactions in the natural cellular environment. The use of full-length proteins expressed at low levels enables PPI monitoring and screening studies that reflect true cellular physiology.

The bright, blue-shifted donor signal and red-shifted acceptor create optimal spectral overlap, increased signal and lower background compared to conventional BRET assays.  

You can read more about the capabilities of NanoBRET® technology and see example data in the paper NanoBRET—A Novel BRET Platform for the Analysis of Protein–Protein Interactions, Machleidt et al., (2015) ACS Chem. Biol10(8), 1797–1804.

Read the Paper
Energy Transfer from NanoLuc to HaloTag NanoBRET Ligand 12749TA-W-a
Depiction of energy transfer from a NanoLuc®-Protein A fusion (energy donor) to a fluorescently labeled HaloTag®-Protein B fusion (energy acceptor) upon interaction of Protein A and Protein B. 

Choose Starter Systems, Prebuilt or Custom NanoBRET® Assays

Get started with NanoBRET® PPI Assays in a format that suits your needs. Design your own assays using the NanoBRET® Starter Systems, or choose from prebuilt, optimized assays for a number of popular research targets including our newest collection of RAS pathway interaction assays. You can also consult with us to design a customized assay specific for your research.

NanoBRET® Starter System Vectors and Assay Design

Choose the NanoBRET® PPI MCS Starter System to generate N- and C-terminal NanoLuc® Luciferase and HaloTag® protein fusions to target proteins using traditional cloning into a multiple cloning site (MCS). 

Choose the NanoBRET® PPI Flexi® Starter System to generate N- and C-terminal NanoLuc® Luciferase and HaloTag® protein fusions using the Flexi® Vector Cloning System, which provides a high-fidelity way to transfer protein-coding regions between Flexi® Vectors without the need to resequence. The Find My Gene™ service contains many ORF clones already in Flexi® format for simple creation of fusions.

NanoBRET PPI Starter System Vectors for Cloning

NanoBRET® MCS Starter Vectors (Cat.# N1811)
9852MA-W
pHTC HaloTag® CMV-neo Vector Accession Number JF920305; pHTC HaloTag® CMV-neo Vector sequence text file.
9853MA-W
pHTN HaloTag® CMV-neo Vector Accession Number JF920304; pHTN HaloTag® CMV-neo Vector sequence text file.
12007MA-W
pNLF1-N [CMV/Hygro] Vector Accession Number KF811457; pNLF1-N [CMV/Hygro] Vector sequence text file.
12008MA-W
pNLF1-C [CMV/Hygro] Vector Accession Number KF811458; pNLF1-C [CMV/Hygro] Vector sequence text file.
NanoBRET® Flexi® Starter Vectors (Cat.# N1821)
6970MA-W
pFC14K HaloTag® CMV Vector Accession Number EU113047; pFC14K HaloTag® CMV Vector sequence text file.
7549MA-W
pFN21A HaloTag® CMV Vector Accession Number EU621374; pFN21A HaloTag® CMV Vector sequence text file.
12006MA-W
pFC32K Nluc CMV-neo Flexi® Vector Accession Number KF811456; pFC32K Nluc CMV-neo Flexi® Vector sequence text file.
12004MA-W
pFN31K Nluc CMV-neo Flexi® Vector Accession Number KF793053; pFN31K Nluc CMV-neo Flexi® Vector sequence text file.
NanoBRET® Control Vectors
12729MA-W
NanoBRET® Positive Control Vector sequence text file.
12730MA-W
p53-HaloTag® Fusion Vector sequence text file.
12731MA-W
NanoLuc®-MDM2 Fusion Vector sequence text file.
GloMax Discover System Multimode Plate Reader

Detection Instrument Requirements

To perform NanoBRET® PPI Assays, you will need an instrument, such as the GloMax® Discover, capable of sequentially measuring dual-filtered luminescence and equipped with appropriate filters.

The ideal filter setup will include a band pass (BP) filter centered around 460nm to measure the donor signal (e.g., Emission 450nm/BP 80nm) and a long pass (LP) filter starting at around 600–610nm to measure the acceptor signal (e.g., Emission 610nm/LP). Filters outside of these ranges will miss critical measurements and compromise data quality.

Specifications

You are viewing: N1811 Change Configuration

What's in the box?

Item Part # Size Concentration

pHTC HaloTag® CMV-neo Vector

G7711 1 × 20μg

pHTN HaloTag® CMV-neo Vector

G7721 1 × 20μg

pNLF1-N [CMV/Hygro] Vector

N1351 1 × 20μg 1μg/μl

pNLF1-C [CMV/Hygro] Vector

N1361 1 × 20μg 1μg/μl

NanoBRET® PPI Control Pair (p53, MDM2)

N1641 1 × 2 × 20μg

NanoBRET® Nano-Glo® Detection System

N1661 1 × 200 assays

Certificate of Analysis

Search by lot number

Use Restrictions

For Research Use Only. Not for Use in Diagnostic Procedures.

Storage Conditions

Please see the Protocol for detailed storage conditions.

Patents and Disclaimers

BY USE OF THIS PRODUCT, RESEARCHER AGREES TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LIMITED USE LABEL LICENSE. If researcher is not willing to accept the terms of this label license, and the product is unused, Promega will accept return of the unused product and provide researcher with a full refund.

Researcher may use this product for research use only; no commercial use is allowed. Commercial use means any and all uses of this product by a party in exchange for consideration, including, but not limited to (1) use in further product manufacture; (2) use in provision of services, information or data; and (3) resale of the product, whether or not such product is resold for use in research. Researcher shall have no right to modify or otherwise create variations of the product. No other use or transfer of this product is authorized without the prior express written consent of Promega.

For uses of Nano-Glo®-branded reagents intended for energy transfer (such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) to acceptors other than a genetically encoded autofluorescent protein, researchers must:
(i) use NanoBRET®-branded energy acceptors (e.g., BRET-optimized HaloTag® ligands) for all determinations of energy transfer activity by this product; or
(ii) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product for energy transfer assays to energy acceptors not manufactured by Promega.

With respect to any uses outside this label license, including any diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic or commercial uses, please contact Promega for supply and licensing information. PROMEGA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING FOR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH REGARD TO THE PRODUCT. The terms of this label license shall be governed under the laws of the State of Wisconsin, USA.

BY USE OF THIS PRODUCT, RESEARCHER AGREES TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LIMITED USE STATEMENT. If the researcher is not willing to accept the conditions of this limited use statement, and the product is unused, Promega will accept return of the unused product and provide the researcher with a full refund. Researchers may use this product for research use only, no commercial use is allowed. Researchers shall have no right to modify or otherwise create variations of the nucleotide sequence of the HaloTag® gene. Researchers may however clone heterologous DNA sequences at either or both ends of said HaloTag® gene so as to create fused gene sequences provided that the coding sequence of the resulting HaloTag® gene has no more than four (4) deoxynucleotides missing at the affected terminus when compared to the intact HaloTag® gene sequence. In addition, researchers must do one of the following in conjunction with use of the product: (1) use Promega HaloTag® ligands, which can be modified or linked to Promega or customer-supplied moieties, or (2) contact Promega to obtain a license if Promega HaloTag® ligands are not to be used. Researchers may transfer derivatives to others for research use provided that at the time of transfer a copy of this label license is given to the recipients and recipients agree to be bound by the terms of this label license. With respect to any uses outside this label license, including any diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic uses, please contact Promega for supply and licensing information. PROMEGA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING FOR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITH REGARDS TO THE PRODUCT. The terms of this agreement shall be governed under the laws of the State of Wisconsin, USA.

BY USE OF THIS PRODUCT, RESEARCHER AGREES TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LIMITED USE LABEL LICENSE. If researcher is not willing to accept the terms of this label license, and the product is unused, Promega will accept return of the unused product and provide researcher with a full refund.

Researcher may use this product for research use only; no transfer or commercial use of this product is allowed. Commercial use means any and all uses of this product or derivatives by a party in exchange for consideration, including, but not limited to: (1) use in further product manufacture; (2) use in provision of services, information or data; and (3) resale of the product or its derivatives, whether or not such product or derivatives are resold for use in research. Researcher shall have no right to modify or otherwise create variations of the nucleotide sequence of the luciferase gene or the HaloTag® gene except that researcher may create fused gene sequences provided that the coding sequence of the resulting luciferase gene or HaloTag® gene has no more than four deoxynucleotides missing at the affected terminus compared to the intact gene sequence. No other use of this product or derivatives is authorized without the prior express written consent of Promega.

In addition, researcher must:
(1a) use Nano-Glo®-branded luminescent assay reagents (LARs) for all determinations of luminescence activity of this product and its derivatives, or
(1b) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product and its derivatives with LARs not manufactured by Promega.

For uses of Nano-Glo®-branded LARs intended for energy transfer (such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) to acceptors other than a genetically encoded autofluorescent protein, researcher must:
(2a) use NanoBRET®-branded energy acceptors (e.g., BRET-optimized HaloTag® ligands) for all determinations of energy transfer activity by this product and its derivatives, or
(2b) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product and its derivatives for energy transfer assays to energy acceptors not manufactured by Promega.

Researcher may transfer derivatives to others for research use provided that at the time of transfer a copy of this label license is given to the recipients and recipients agree to be bound by the terms of this label license. With respect to any uses outside this label license, including any diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic or commercial uses, please contact Promega for supply and licensing information. PROMEGA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING FOR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH REGARD TO THE PRODUCT. The terms of this label license shall be governed under the laws of the State of Wisconsin, USA.

BY USE OF THIS PRODUCT, RESEARCHER AGREES TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LIMITED USE LABEL LICENSE. If researcher is not willing to accept the conditions of this limited use statement, and the product is unused, Promega will accept return of the unused product and provide researcher with a full refund.

Researchers may use this product for research use only; no transfer or commercial use of this product is allowed. Commercial use means any and all uses of this product or derivatives by a party in exchange for consideration, including, but not limited to (1) use in further product manufacture; (2) use in provision of services, information or data; and (3) resale of the product or its derivatives, whether or not such product or derivatives are resold for use in research. Researchers shall have no right to modify or otherwise create variations of the nucleotide sequence of the luciferase gene except that researcher may (1) create fused gene sequences provided that the coding sequence of the resulting luciferase gene has no more than four deoxynucleotides missing at the affected terminus compared to the intact luciferase gene sequence; and (2) insert and remove nucleic acid sequences in splicing research predicated on the inactivation or reconstitution of the luminescence of the encoded luciferase. No other use of this product or derivatives is authorized without the prior express written consent of Promega.

In addition, researchers must:
(1a) use Nano-Glo®-branded luminescent assay reagents (LARs) for all determinations of luminescence activity of this product and its derivatives; or
(1b) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product and its derivatives with LARs not manufactured by Promega.

For uses of Nano-Glo®-branded LARs intended for energy transfer (such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) to acceptors other than a genetically encoded autofluorescent protein, researchers must:
(2a) use NanoBRET®-branded energy acceptors (e.g., BRET-optimized HaloTag® ligands) for all determinations of energy transfer activity by this product and its derivatives; or
(2b) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product and its derivatives for energy transfer assays to energy acceptors not manufactured by Promega.

Researchers may transfer derivatives to others for research use provided that at the time of transfer a copy of this label license is given to the recipients and recipients agree to be bound by the terms of this label license. With respect to any uses outside this label license, including any diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic or commercial uses, please contact Promega for supply and licensing information. PROMEGA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING FOR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH REGARD TO THE PRODUCT. The terms of this agreement shall be governed under the laws of the State of Wisconsin, USA.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,809,529, European Pat. No. 2635582, Japanese Pat. No. 5889910 and other patents and patents pending.

Patent Pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,425,436, 7,935,803, 8,466,269, 8,742,086, 8,420,367, 8,748,148, 9,416,353, 9,593,316 and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,867,726 and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,293,503, 9,018,014 and 8,367,403, European Pat. No. 1685247 and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,557,970, 8,669,103, 9,777,311, 9,840,730, 9,951,373, 10,233,485, 10,633,690, 10,774,364, 10,844,422, 11,365,436, 11,661,623, 11,667,950; European Pat. Nos. 2456864, 2635595, 2990478, 3181687, 3409764; Japanese Pat. Nos. 6038649, 6155424, 6227615, 6374420, 6539689; and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,067,149 and 10,024,862, European Pat. No. 2932267, Japanese Pat. Nos. 6751294 and 7092691 and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,056,885 and 10,139,400, European Pat. No. 2782916 and other patents pending.

Specifications

You are viewing: N1821 Change Configuration

What's in the box?

Item Part # Size Concentration

pFN21A HaloTag® CMV Flexi® Vector

G2821 1 × 20μg

pFC14K HaloTag® CMV Flexi® Vector

G9661 1 × 20μg

pFN31K Nluc CMV-neo Flexi® Vector

N1321 1 × 20μg 0.1μg/μl

pFC32K Nluc CMV-neo Flexi® Vector

N1341 1 × 20μg 0.1μg/μl

NanoBRET® PPI Control Pair (p53, MDM2)

N1641 1 × 2 × 20μg

NanoBRET® Nano-Glo® Detection System

N1661 1 × 200 assays

Certificate of Analysis

Search by lot number

Use Restrictions

For Research Use Only. Not for Use in Diagnostic Procedures.

Storage Conditions

Please see the Protocol for detailed storage conditions.

Patents and Disclaimers

BY USE OF THIS PRODUCT, RESEARCHER AGREES TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LIMITED USE LABEL LICENSE. If researcher is not willing to accept the terms of this label license, and the product is unused, Promega will accept return of the unused product and provide researcher with a full refund.

Researcher may use this product for research use only; no commercial use is allowed. Commercial use means any and all uses of this product by a party in exchange for consideration, including, but not limited to (1) use in further product manufacture; (2) use in provision of services, information or data; and (3) resale of the product, whether or not such product is resold for use in research. Researcher shall have no right to modify or otherwise create variations of the product. No other use or transfer of this product is authorized without the prior express written consent of Promega.

For uses of Nano-Glo®-branded reagents intended for energy transfer (such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) to acceptors other than a genetically encoded autofluorescent protein, researchers must:
(i) use NanoBRET®-branded energy acceptors (e.g., BRET-optimized HaloTag® ligands) for all determinations of energy transfer activity by this product; or
(ii) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product for energy transfer assays to energy acceptors not manufactured by Promega.

With respect to any uses outside this label license, including any diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic or commercial uses, please contact Promega for supply and licensing information. PROMEGA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING FOR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH REGARD TO THE PRODUCT. The terms of this label license shall be governed under the laws of the State of Wisconsin, USA.

BY USE OF THIS PRODUCT, RESEARCHER AGREES TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LIMITED USE STATEMENT. If the researcher is not willing to accept the conditions of this limited use statement, and the product is unused, Promega will accept return of the unused product and provide the researcher with a full refund. Researchers may use this product for research use only, no commercial use is allowed. Researchers shall have no right to modify or otherwise create variations of the nucleotide sequence of the HaloTag® gene. Researchers may however clone heterologous DNA sequences at either or both ends of said HaloTag® gene so as to create fused gene sequences provided that the coding sequence of the resulting HaloTag® gene has no more than four (4) deoxynucleotides missing at the affected terminus when compared to the intact HaloTag® gene sequence. In addition, researchers must do one of the following in conjunction with use of the product: (1) use Promega HaloTag® ligands, which can be modified or linked to Promega or customer-supplied moieties, or (2) contact Promega to obtain a license if Promega HaloTag® ligands are not to be used. Researchers may transfer derivatives to others for research use provided that at the time of transfer a copy of this label license is given to the recipients and recipients agree to be bound by the terms of this label license. With respect to any uses outside this label license, including any diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic uses, please contact Promega for supply and licensing information. PROMEGA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING FOR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITH REGARDS TO THE PRODUCT. The terms of this agreement shall be governed under the laws of the State of Wisconsin, USA.

BY USE OF THIS PRODUCT, RESEARCHER AGREES TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LIMITED USE LABEL LICENSE. If researcher is not willing to accept the terms of this label license, and the product is unused, Promega will accept return of the unused product and provide researcher with a full refund.

Researcher may use this product for research use only; no transfer or commercial use of this product is allowed. Commercial use means any and all uses of this product or derivatives by a party in exchange for consideration, including, but not limited to: (1) use in further product manufacture; (2) use in provision of services, information or data; and (3) resale of the product or its derivatives, whether or not such product or derivatives are resold for use in research. Researcher shall have no right to modify or otherwise create variations of the nucleotide sequence of the luciferase gene or the HaloTag® gene except that researcher may create fused gene sequences provided that the coding sequence of the resulting luciferase gene or HaloTag® gene has no more than four deoxynucleotides missing at the affected terminus compared to the intact gene sequence. No other use of this product or derivatives is authorized without the prior express written consent of Promega.

In addition, researcher must:
(1a) use Nano-Glo®-branded luminescent assay reagents (LARs) for all determinations of luminescence activity of this product and its derivatives, or
(1b) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product and its derivatives with LARs not manufactured by Promega.

For uses of Nano-Glo®-branded LARs intended for energy transfer (such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) to acceptors other than a genetically encoded autofluorescent protein, researcher must:
(2a) use NanoBRET®-branded energy acceptors (e.g., BRET-optimized HaloTag® ligands) for all determinations of energy transfer activity by this product and its derivatives, or
(2b) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product and its derivatives for energy transfer assays to energy acceptors not manufactured by Promega.

Researcher may transfer derivatives to others for research use provided that at the time of transfer a copy of this label license is given to the recipients and recipients agree to be bound by the terms of this label license. With respect to any uses outside this label license, including any diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic or commercial uses, please contact Promega for supply and licensing information. PROMEGA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING FOR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH REGARD TO THE PRODUCT. The terms of this label license shall be governed under the laws of the State of Wisconsin, USA.

BY USE OF THIS PRODUCT, RESEARCHER AGREES TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LIMITED USE LABEL LICENSE. If researcher is not willing to accept the conditions of this limited use statement, and the product is unused, Promega will accept return of the unused product and provide researcher with a full refund.

Researchers may use this product for research use only; no transfer or commercial use of this product is allowed. Commercial use means any and all uses of this product or derivatives by a party in exchange for consideration, including, but not limited to (1) use in further product manufacture; (2) use in provision of services, information or data; and (3) resale of the product or its derivatives, whether or not such product or derivatives are resold for use in research. Researchers shall have no right to modify or otherwise create variations of the nucleotide sequence of the luciferase gene except that researcher may (1) create fused gene sequences provided that the coding sequence of the resulting luciferase gene has no more than four deoxynucleotides missing at the affected terminus compared to the intact luciferase gene sequence; and (2) insert and remove nucleic acid sequences in splicing research predicated on the inactivation or reconstitution of the luminescence of the encoded luciferase. No other use of this product or derivatives is authorized without the prior express written consent of Promega.

In addition, researchers must:
(1a) use Nano-Glo®-branded luminescent assay reagents (LARs) for all determinations of luminescence activity of this product and its derivatives; or
(1b) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product and its derivatives with LARs not manufactured by Promega.

For uses of Nano-Glo®-branded LARs intended for energy transfer (such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) to acceptors other than a genetically encoded autofluorescent protein, researchers must:
(2a) use NanoBRET®-branded energy acceptors (e.g., BRET-optimized HaloTag® ligands) for all determinations of energy transfer activity by this product and its derivatives; or
(2b) contact Promega to obtain a license for use of the product and its derivatives for energy transfer assays to energy acceptors not manufactured by Promega.

Researchers may transfer derivatives to others for research use provided that at the time of transfer a copy of this label license is given to the recipients and recipients agree to be bound by the terms of this label license. With respect to any uses outside this label license, including any diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic or commercial uses, please contact Promega for supply and licensing information. PROMEGA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING FOR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH REGARD TO THE PRODUCT. The terms of this agreement shall be governed under the laws of the State of Wisconsin, USA.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,809,529, European Pat. No. 2635582, Japanese Pat. No. 5889910 and other patents and patents pending.

Patent Pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,425,436, 7,935,803, 8,466,269, 8,742,086, 8,420,367, 8,748,148, 9,416,353, 9,593,316 and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,293,503, 9,018,014 and 8,367,403, European Pat. No. 1685247 and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,867,726 and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,557,970, 8,669,103, 9,777,311, 9,840,730, 9,951,373, 10,233,485, 10,633,690, 10,774,364, 10,844,422, 11,365,436, 11,661,623, 11,667,950; European Pat. Nos. 2456864, 2635595, 2990478, 3181687, 3409764; Japanese Pat. Nos. 6038649, 6155424, 6227615, 6374420, 6539689; and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,067,149 and 10,024,862, European Pat. No. 2932267, Japanese Pat. Nos. 6751294 and 7092691 and other patents and patents pending.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,056,885 and 10,139,400, European Pat. No. 2782916 and other patents pending.

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