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| 1. |
Dhandapani, K.M., Wade, F., Mahesh, V.B., and Brann, D
(2005)
Astrocyte-derived transforming growth factor-β mediates the neuroprotective effects of 17β-estradiol: Involvement of nonclassical genomic signaling pathways.
Endocrinology
146
,
2749-2759
.
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Notes:
This study investigated the signaling mechanisms involved in 17β-estradiol- (E2) and tamoxifen-induced release of neurotrophic factors from rat cortical astrocyte cultures. The TGFβ1, TGFβ2, BDNF and GDNF Emax® ImmunoAssay Systems were used to measure the release of these neurotrophic factors from astrocyte cultures treated with E2 or tamoxifen. Both E2 and tamoxifen induced the release of TGFβ1 and TGFβ2, but did not stimulate release of BDNF or GDNF. The PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and wortmanin, and the Akt inhibitor blocked TGFβ release, suggesting the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The MAPK kinase inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 had no effect. E2 was found to induce transient Akt Ser473 phosphorylation, and this effect was blocked by LY294002 pretreatment, demonstrating a role for PI3K in the observed E2-mediated Akt phosphorylation.
(0003479) |
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Products: LY 294002 | PD 98059 | TGFβ Sample 10X Buffer | TGFβ1 Emax® ImmunoAssay System | TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System |
| 2. |
Sarkar, S., Vellaichamy, E., Young, D. and Sen, S.
(2004)
Influence of cytokines and growth factors in ANG II-mediated collagen upregulation by fibroblasts in rats: role of myocytes.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
287
,
H107–17
.
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Notes:
To examine the role of TGFβ in collagen upregulation in damaged cardiac cells, rat cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes were cultured separately or together, and treated with or without angiotensin II (ANG II), which is known to affect gene expression in both cell types. The culture media was removed and active growth factor measured using 100µl media and both the TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay Systems. This experiment demonstrated that the cocultured cells treated with ANG II produced the highest levels of both TGFβ molecules.
(0003339) |
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Products: TGFβ1 Emax® ImmunoAssay System | TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System |
| 3. |
Kojima, S., Hayashi, S., Shimokado, K., Suzuki, Y., Shimada, J., Crippa, M.P., and Friedman, S.L.
(2001)
Transcriptional activation of urokinase by the Kruppel-like factor Zf9/COPEB activates latent TGF-beta1 in vascular endothelial cells.
Blood
95
,
1309-16
.
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Notes:
A novel Kruppel-like factor is up-regulated in acute liver injury leading to increased endogenous urokinase plasminogen activator activity. In bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs), this also results in an increased bioactive transforming growth factor-beta via proteolytic activation of the latent molecule. Levels of TGF β1 and TGFβ2 were quantitated in conditioned BAEC culture medium using Promega's TGF β1 Emax ImmunoAssay System and TGFβ2 Emax ImmunoAssay System.
(0002341) |
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Products: TGFβ1 Emax® ImmunoAssay System | TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System |
| 4. |
Ohta, K., Wiggert, B., Yamagami, S., Taylor, A.W., and Streilein, J.W.
(2000)
Analysis of immunomodulatory activities of aqueous humor from eyes of mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis.
J. Immunol.
164
,
1185-92
.
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Notes:
TGFβ2 and proinflammatory cytokine levels were determined in serum and in the aqueous humor of mice afflicted with experimental autoimmune uveitis. Aqueous humor samples from at least five mice were pooled, centrifuged at 3000rpm for 3 minutes, and the cell-free supernatant was frozen immediately at –70°C. TGFβ2 was quantitated using Promega's TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System.
(0002347) |
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Products: TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System |
| 5. |
Konrad, L., Albrecht, M., Renneberg, H., and Aumuller, G.
(2000)
Transforming growth factor-beta2 mediates mesenchymal-epithelial interactions of testicular somatic cells.
Endocrinology
141
,
3679-86
.
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Notes:
The secretion of TGFβ2 in monocultures and cocultures of rat mesenchymal peritubular and epithelial Sertoli cells was examined. Treatment with follicle stimulating hormone revealed a reduced secretion of TGFβ2 in cocultures. Total TGFβ2 was quantitated by acid activation of the conditioned media with HCl at pH 2.0–3.0 for 15 minutes followed by neutralization with NaOH to approximately pH 7.6. Bioactive TGFβ2 levels were determined without acid activation. TGFβ2 levels were determined using Promega's TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System.
(0002349) |
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Products: TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System |
| 6. |
Szalay, G., Ladel, C.H., Blum, C., Brossay, L., Kronenberg, M., Kaufmann, S.H.
(1999)
Cutting edge: Anti-CD1 monoclonal antibody treatment reverses the production patterns of TGF-β2 and Th1 cytokines and ameliorates listeriosis in mice
J. Immunol.
162
,
6955-6958
.
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Notes:
The TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System (TGFβ2 ELISA) was used to determine the amount of TGF-β2 secreted from cultured splenocytes isolated for Listeria-infected mice. Splenocytes obtained from anti-CD1-treated mice secreted less TGFβ2 than control IgG-treated mice.
(0000290) |
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Products: TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System |
| 7. |
Ma, N. and Streilein, J.W.
(1999)
T cell immunity induced by allogeneic microglia in relation to neuronal retina transplantation.
J. Immunol.
162
,
4482-4489
.
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Notes:
The TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System was used to monitor TGF-β2 secreted from mixed cultures containing mouse T cells and allogenic or syngenic microglia or peritoneal exudate cells. The level of the factor was examined every 24 hours through a 96-hour period. The greatest secretion of TGFβ2 (~225pg/ml) from 48-hour cultures of T cell and syngenic microglia.
(0000759) |
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Products: TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System |
| 8. |
Horton, H.M., Dorigo, O., Hernandez, P., Anderson, D., Berek, J.S., and Parker S.E.
(1999)
IL-2 plasmid therapy of murine ovarian carcinoma inhibits the growth of tumor ascites and alters its cytokine profile
J. Immunol.
163
,
6378-85
.
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Notes:
Mice were injected with murine ovarian teratocarcinoma cells to form peritoneal tumors as a model for advanced ovarian cancer. The concentration of numerous cytokines, including naturally processed (not acid-activated in vitro) TGFβ2 in the ascites was determined using Promega's TGFβ2 Emax® Immunoassay System. The ascites samples were spun at 14,000 rpm for 2 minutes and the supernatant was assayed.
(0002348) |
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Products: TGFβ2 Emax® ImmunoAssay System |